In the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study, sCD40L has been found to be uncorrelated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in this large cohort, and only in selected patient subgroups raised levels of sCD40L associated with short-term mortality.[79] Therefore, the application of sCD40L as a predictor of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular events is still controversial now. Here, CD40LG is linked to atherosclerosis.