IL1B and neoplasm: Changes in the tumor microenvironment after biopsy also include the upregulation of many vital inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including recombinant S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX2, which activate an inflammatory signaling cascade (including MyD88 and the transcription factor NF-κB), that are responsible for recruitment of multiple inflammatory and immune cell populations, including neutrophil, macrophages, myeloid suppressor cells (MDSC), and Tregs (Table 1).