SMAD3 and atopic eczema: Interestingly, reports suggested that the Smad3 pathway can regulate allergen-induced skin inflammation and systemic IgE antibody production in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis (Anthoni et al., 2007), indicating that the Smad3 signaling pathway may be a key signaling target in allergic skin diseases (Shafi et al., 2023).