TGFB1 and Mental deterioration: An increasing amount of evidence suggests a neuroprotective activity for TGF-β1 against Aβ neurotoxicity (Caraci et al., 2008; Dobolyi et al., 2012; Caraci et al., 2016; Torrisi et al., 2019), but the role of TGF-β1 in cognitive decline in DS subjects has not been investigated.