TGFB1 and Mental deterioration: Similarly, comparable lower TGF-β1 plasma concentrations were evident solely in older adult male subjects with DS (35–60 years) without AD-related cognitive decline (Figure 2B, p < 0.05), while the observed decrease in TGF-β1 concentrations in young adult female subjects (19–35 years) persists in older adult female subjects without AD-related cognitive decline (35–60 years), although this difference did not reach a statistical significance.