TNF and Alzheimer disease: Researchers subjected AD-MSCs to inflammatory stimuli TNF-α and IFN-γ, finding increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor genes, while pro-inflammatory factors TNFA and PTGS2 gene expression decreased, indicating that AD-MSCs can mitigate inflammation through paracrine effects in inflammatory environments (Sukho et al., 2017).