HMGB1 and central nervous system cancer: To gain deeper insights into the mechanism of lactate-induced signaling through GPR65 on TAMs and its role in enhancing the malignant progression of glioma, we analyzed six potential cytokines and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CCL17, CCL18, HMGB1, and TGFB1) derived from TAMs, which were previously reported to be associated with lactate levels or pro-tumorigenic activities [14, 15, 18, 33, 40].