CSF1R signaling is known to be important for microglial proliferation in response to stress or injury, with increased M-CSF expression observed upon in vivo LPS treatment [71], upon ischemic injury [72], in Alzheimer’s disease and its animal models [71, 73, 74], and in aged mice [71] and human [75]. Here, CSF1R is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.