BSN and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The associations with adult BMI were confirmed in independent cohorts and were also supported by mapping of common variant signals to whole-blood expression quantitative trait loci for APBA1 and BSN. Rare PTVs in BSN were also found in three individuals with severe early-onset obesity; however, in UK Biobank, 65 BSN PTV carriers showed no difference in childhood adiposity-related traits compared to noncarriers.