Some sub-populations of HSPCs not observed in control samples such as CD34 + CD38-CD45Ra-CD10+ cells or MPP or CMPMEP CD110 + CD71- (called thereafter MPP F4 and CMPMEP F4) were also detected in MDS (Supplementary Fig. 4B), suggesting that the hematopoietic hierarchy could be impaired. The gene discussed is MPL; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.