Interestingly, among the group of patients with LR-MDS (defined with IPSS-R ≤ 3.5), CD38+HSPCs entropy was still significantly associated to a shorter PFS (HR: 5.35; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.73–10.47, p < 0.0001), LFS (HR: 6.89; 95%CI: 2.98–15.91, p < 0.0001) and OS (HR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.36–4.10, p = 0.0019) (Fig. 4B). This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and myelodysplastic syndrome.