A similar opposite regulation between IL17A and SMAD3—rendering cells barely expressing both IL17A and SMAD3 simultaneously—was also observed in different UC patient cohort (GSE116222) and other inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn’s disease (GSE163314), spondyloarthritis (GSE163314), and psoriasis (GSE151177) (Supplementary Fig. 6g). The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is spondyloarthropathy.