MMP2 and lung cancer: However, its capacity to induce pro-inflammatory transcription factors, such as NF-kB, and modulate pathways including MAPK, PI3K, and ROS (187), suggests that Visfatin might act as a potential tumor-promoting factor in lung cancer bone metastasis through upregulation of MMP-2, enhanced differentiation of OBs, and the promotion of inflammatory responses in MSCs, thereby indirectly facilitating osteolysis and the progression of pulmonary cancer bone metastasis.