In a previous analysis with our case-cohort sample from the ESTHER study, we showed that these biomarkers were independently associated with at least one of the outcomes and discussed the potential mechanisms involving different aspects of dementia pathogenesis, namely neurodegeneration (EN-RAGE), amyloid beta (Aß) deposition (LAP TGF-beta 1), and blood brain barrier permeability (VEGF-A) [37]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to dementia.