In a previous analysis with our case-cohort sample from the ESTHER study, we showed that these biomarkers were independently associated with at least one of the outcomes and discussed the potential mechanisms involving different aspects of dementia pathogenesis, namely neurodegeneration (EN-RAGE), amyloid beta (Aß) deposition (LAP TGF-beta 1), and blood brain barrier permeability (VEGF-A) [37]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is dementia.