In addition, mutations in Pfkelch13, Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, dhfr, dhps associated with P. falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs and deletions in hrp2/hrp3 involved in variable performance of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were also investigated in isolates collected prior anti-malarial treatment. The gene discussed is DHFR; the disease is malaria.