At 48 h after infection, both TBEV and SARS-CoV-2 resulted in an elevated IFN response in MIRAS cells, including induced IFITs and STAT2, which were not similarly activated after HSV-1 infection, suggesting that some components of the immune overactivation in the context of MIRAS were virus specific (Extended Data Fig. 5e,f,i,j; negligible impact on fibroblast viability with the infection time frame analysed). Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.