Based on marker genes, 12 distinct cell populations were identified in the CosMx dataset (two tumour cell populations, LYZ+, SPP1+, C1QC+, and CXCL9+ macrophages, CCL5+T cells, IGHA1+ and IGHG1+ plasma cells, COL3A1+ fibroblasts, ENG+ endothelial cells, and KRT17+ epithelial cells; Fig. 4a, b). Here, LYZ is linked to neoplasm.