MTOR and breast cancer: Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, binds to the extracellular domain of HER2 and exerts its effects by inhibiting dimerization, suppressing intracellular HER2 signaling through pathways such as MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and facilitating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).358 Currently, the standard-of-care treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer involves neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in combination with anti-HER2 therapy.