Ki67 is a predictor of cellular proliferation; high Ki67 expression in DCIS has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk of recurrence as either DCIS or IDC.93,309–311 An increased risk of subsequent progression to IDC has also been identified in DCIS with combined expression of p16, COX-2, and Ki67.292,312. Here, CDKN2A is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.