PTEN and breast carcinoma: In breast cancer, there is often a decrease in the expression of PTEN and INPP4B, further enhancing the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway,58–60 and dysregulation of this signaling pathway is recognized as a mechanism of resistance to endocrine and anti-HER2-targeted treatment.61–63 Consequently, targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has emerged as a promising approach for precise therapeutic intervention in breast cancer.