ESR1 and breast cancer: Ongoing research is exploring additional targeted therapies to inhibit intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGFR, Notch signaling, and STAT3 signaling, aiming to evaluate their safety and effectiveness in TNBC patients.374 However, the current therapeutic options for TNBC are limited compared to ER-positive and HER2-positive breast cancer due to the absence of well-defined targets and the inherent heterogeneity of TNBC itself.