AKT1 and cancer: Metformin disrupts cancer cell metabolism via direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathways in EC cells (Arcidiacono et al. 2012; Yin et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2018).