TNF and infection: Infection with the Beta variant had little impact on the production of Interferon γ-induced protein 10/IP-10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10/CXCL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Fig 4a and 4b), and resulted in a significant increase in Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels (Fig 4c).