TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: It has been shown that salidroside can inhibit transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad-2/-3 and cytosolic nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways, activate Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway, and improve pulmonary fibrosis injury in rats (Tang et al., 2016), as well as improve symptoms of acute lung injury and stop the development of pulmonary fibrosis inhibit by inhibiting the expression of TGF-β1-encoded genes and inflammatory cell infiltration (Zhang et al., 2014b).