In vitro studies have shown that rhodiola extract may inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and promote apoptosis by activating the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway, upregulating E-cadherin and Caspase-3 expression, and inhibiting Vimentin and Bcl-2 expression related (Huang et al., 2023). Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung cancer.