PDCD1 and melanoma: Interestingly, in the context of ICI, VEGF-C-induced expansion of MLVs was able to compensate for the lack of the extracranial disease in a melanoma BrM model, resulting in intracranial efficacy of combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade in the absence of extracranial tumors [46], while no further enhancement of intracranial ICI efficacy through VEGF-C was observed in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors in addition to intracranial tumors.