Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining showed that LRRC15 and SPP1 expressions in aortic valve tissues were significantly increased in both CAVD patients and high‐cholesterol diet‐induced experimental CAVD mice using apolipoprotein e‐deficient mice (Apoe−/−) compared to health control subjects and normal chow‐diet‐fed wild‐type C57BL/6 mice (Figure 9). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.