European specific correlations with shortened TTL most notably included: the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2, known to be associated with telomere shortening38; PTEN and TP53 tumour suppressor gene deficiencies, consistent with 2012 findings showing their critical roles in telomere dysfunction which aggravates aggressive PCa progression39; while the association with the newly described African-predominant PCa driver DDX11L19 remains unexplained. Here, PTEN is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.