A study inserted a 15-mer binding domain of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LH-R), resulting in the successful transduction in ovarian cancer cells in an HSPG-independent manner via the LH-R.68 By inserting cell-penetrating peptides into the rAAV9 capsid, a study identified two variants that were able to cross the BBB with improved CNS transduction after systemic delivery.69 The host immune response is a major barrier to rAAV being able to induce effective and long-term transgene expression. The gene discussed is LHCGR; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.