IL1RAP and heart failure: For example, IL-36 signalling has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis,64 all of which are related to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.65 IL-33 signalling has been implicated in heart failure and hypertension.66 Limiting IL1RAP signalling by anti-IL1RAP administration rather than blockade of individual cytokine may provide greater cardiovascular benefit than individual cytokine blockade.