Toxin-producing strains of Bacteroides have been shown to be associated with ulcerative colitis, toxin-mediated acute diarrhea, etc., because they have the most complex polysaccharide structure of any enterobacteria and the potent virulence factors, hemolysin/cytolysin, capable of lysing and killing host immune cells (Zamani et al., 2017; Valguarnera and Wardenburg, 2020; Zafar and Saier, 2021). This evidence concerns the gene PRF1 and ulcerative colitis.