Specifically, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are detectable in high quantities within TB pericardial effusions, and these have been closely associated with fibrosis in the setting of chronic inflammatory diseases, including TB (36, 37). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and tuberculosis.