AGER and asthma: Beyond its role in airway inflammation, HMGB1 is also associated with mucus production and regulates airway inflammation by directly influencing naive T cells, inducing Th2 and Th17 polarization through toll-like receptors-2 (TLR2), TLR4, and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE)-NF-κB signaling pathways in the asthma mice model (90).