This, in turn, promotes the activation of CAR T cells, stimulating the production of proinflammatory and cytotoxic factors, including granzyme B, perforin, IL-2, TNF and IFN-γ possibly through the NF-κB pathway, thereby augmenting the killing efficacy of CAR T cells against GBM (Fig. 6J). Here, TNF is linked to glioblastoma.