Notably, NGAL emerged as the biomarker with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for predicting CIN (OR = 31.29, 95% CI 13.72–71.35, P < 0.01, PI: 1.61–605.16), followed by Cystatin C and uKIM-1 (OR = 20.07, 95% CI 7.26–55.47, P < 0.01, PI: 0.51–776.18 and OR = 13.51, 95% CI 7.94–22.96, P < 0.01, P: 5.12–35.66, respectively) (Figs. 3 and 4, Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.