CLYBL and inflammatory bowel disease: Not only could the cytopathic effect of clb mediate cell death by clb+/ECbl+ strains, but direct contact of the strain with the host cell could necessitate dysfunctional metabolic activity, giving rise to microbial gene products that affect intestinal homeostasis and gut barrier function and leading to microbial dysbiosis, which is commonly found in inflammatory bowel disease and CRC [12, 46].