Specifically, BCa has been shown to upregulate and secrete anti-apoptotic factors and immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-ß, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10, to lose expression of immunogenic tumor antigens and to downregulate cell-surface major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and co-stimulatory molecules required to initiate T cell−mediated antitumor immune responses (7, 9). Here, IL6 is linked to neoplasm.