TNF and infection: The control group showed an increased bacterial burden in the lungs, 48 h following infection, as well as higher levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), oxidative stress markers myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitrous oxide (NO), and histological damage, while recombinant FyuA immunized mice exhibited increased levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12), with a reduced bacterial burden in the lungs, 48 h following infection (Kumar et al., 2020).