TMEM119 and Alzheimer disease: Although PvMs are normally localized to the Virchow–Robin space around blood vessels and differ from microglia by expression of markers including CD163, recent studies have identified microglia/macrophage-like cells expressing both the microglial marker TMEM119 and the macrophage marker CD163 surrounding Aβ plaques in human AD brain but not in control brains [40, 44].