For example, a wide body of literature has shown amelioration of MASLD by ATF3 inhibition (19, 20); however, mice with global deletion of ATF3 display increased liver injury after ischemia-reperfusion injury (21) and it is currently unknown whether hepatocytes or other cell types impart the ATF3-protective effect. This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.