CSF1 and rheumatoid arthritis: ORM2 transcript levels in RA-FLSs were also significantly increased by LPS, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β stimuli—up to 4.8-, 2.1-, 4.2-, and 2.9-fold, respectively—but not by other cytokines, such as IL-6, M-CSF, or IL-10 (Fig. 1f and Supplementary Fig. 3b).