Consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification was introduced to capture the molecular heterogeneity of CRC (Figure 4A).57 Four subtypes have been identified based on the differential gene expression: CMS1 is associated with MSI and BRAF mutations, CMS2 is characterised by Wnt and Myc activation and CIN, CMS3 is enriched for KRAS mutations and metabolic dysregulation, and CMS4 displays mesenchymal features with TGF-β pathway activation. Here, BRAF is linked to colorectal carcinoma.