In COVID-19 patients, FeRD could trigger several clinical manifestations including (i) decrease functional hemoglobin (Hb), (ii) increase cellular iron overload, (iii) release free toxic heme into the circulation, (iv) manifest hypoxemia and systemic hypoxia, (v) reduce nitric oxide (NO•) synthesis, (vi) activate coagulation pathway(s), (vii) trigger ferroptosis with OxS and lipid peroxidation, and (viii) induce mitochondrial degeneration27,146. Here, GSTM1 is linked to COVID-19.