In a pathological condition, PGE2 is increased in lung fibroblasts derived from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)21 and contributes as a mediator of proinflammation and angiogenesis within the airways of COPD subjects through the production of interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor22. Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.