Moreover, these various stimuli could provoke expression in Th17-related cytokines such as IL-6, TNF, and IL-17 in NP-derived nasal fibroblasts (Fig. 7a) and IL-6 in an in-vivo NP tissue (Fig. 7b), suggesting the inflammatory cytokine profiles in CRS might not only result from T cells but also stroma cells like fibroblasts in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and congenital rubella syndrome.