When comparing GSEA results between high-grade Gastric (Fig. 4, Source Data) or Intestinal and low-grade IPMN (Supplementary Fig. S10, Source Data), it was evident that the key cancer-related pathways activated during IPMN progression included: TNFα signaling via NFKβ and MYC targets (Fig. 4D, E and Supplementary Fig. S10), Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) (Fig. 4F and Supplementary Fig. S10), as well as KRAS signaling (Fig. 4G). Here, TNF is linked to pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.