TP53 and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: This leads to the stabilization of p53 protein and apoptosis induction, thereby preventing the proliferation of cells with CIN.333,359 In addition to chromosomal-related events, the p38/p53 axis can also respond to metabolic stress induced by ROS formation as a consequence of CIN.333,334,358,360 These findings highlight the complex interplay between stress pathways, CIN, and cellular responses, underscoring the crucial roles of p53 and p38 in limiting the progression of cells with CIN.