The role of the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), C-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis77 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases due to their involvement in cholesterol homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, endothelial function, vascular inflammation, as well as platelet production and aggregation92. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.