INS and diabetes mellitus: In 2018, a study of the Swedish population with newly diagnosed diabetes used both hierarchical and k-means clustering to identify five subtypes of adult-onset diabetes, named severe autoimmune diabetes (SAID), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD), mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD) and mild age-related diabetes (MARD), based on six clinical variables (autoantibodies, age at diagnosis, BMI, HbA1c, C peptide together with glucose for estimation of insulin secretion, HOMA-B and insulin-sensitivity, HOMA-IS) (Ahlqvist et al., 2018).