INS and Nephropathy: SAID was characterized by the presence of GAD autoantibodies, low insulin secretion and poor metabolic control, SIDD was characterized by low insulin secretion, poor metabolic control and increased risk of retinopathy, SIRD was characterized by severe insulin resistance, obesity, late onset and markedly increased risk of nephropathy, MOD was characterized by obesity, early onset and good metabolic control, and MARD was characterized by late onset and good metabolic control.