TLR4 and Stroke: Oxygen and glucose deprivation lead to the stabilization and/or upregulation of microglial HIF-1α (Xu et al., 2023), which, in turn, results in increased autophagy, TLR4, IL-1β, and IL-18 expression, and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation, suggesting HIF-1 contributes to the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia after a stroke event (Guo et al., 2009; Jiang et al., 2020).