TNF and Stroke: Ren et al. found that the use of blood replacement helped to improve stroke in mice and found that the total number of leukocytes and neutrophils in the blood of stroke mice was significantly reduced during and 1 h after BR treatment, and that BR treatment significantly reduced plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as of the chemokine CXCL1, in stroke mice (Ren et al., 2020).