HTN: hypertension, CT: cycle threshold, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ESRD: end-stage renal disease, NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI (iqr): body mass index (interquartile range). Here, ACE is linked to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.