Given the observed increase in immune checkpoint/exhaustion markers in HR donor immune cells (Fig. 5b,c and Extended Data Fig. 9a–c and Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14) and the accumulating evidence of the involvement of LASPs in tumor initiation, our findings point toward an early epithelial immune-escape mechanism in the pre-malignant tissue driven by BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations. This evidence concerns the gene BRCA1 and neoplasm.