DKK1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Particularly, miR-186 delivered by BMSC-EVs has been found to halt the progression of lung fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast activation, downregulating SRY-box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), offering a novel therapeutic strategy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatment (143).