INS and Insulin resistance: Dehydration and increased blood flow to the skin impair insulin signalling and glucose disposal, by inhibiting cellular insulin action and reducing blood flow to insulin-sensitive tissues, respectively.25 Dehydration promotes insulin resistance by interfering with signalling downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, including hyperosmotic inhibition of insulin-induced protein kinase B activation.26 Dehydration increases vasopressin levels, which can stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver and promote insulin resistance by acting on the liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, and the pituitary gland.