In the year 2000, Roux and collaborators used primary CD4+ T cells to demonstrate that Vpr elicits the expression of IL-8 and TNF-α upon infection [141], with a 2015 study further confirming not only the release of the latter but also mechanistically implicating the previously mentioned DDB1 and TAK1 proteins therein [142]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.