CCL2 and infection: In addition, higher levels of CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6, and Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (CCL4/MIP-1β) and decreased levels of Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (CCL5/RANTES) are observed in the chronic phase of infection and arthritic cases [27,28,29,30,31].